What role do competing political interests play in Essay Example For Students

What role do competing political interests play in Essay the implementation ofpoverty reduction policies?Poverty is a universal term and poverty elimination is a universal motto. Poverty destroys individuals, societies and nations. Poverty is hunger. Poverty is lack of shelter. It is the state of being sick but unable to seea doctor (Gordon et al., 2003). It is the condition which doesnt allow oneto have basic necessities in life. Poverty is the condition of not having ajob and no resources to live with. It brings fear of future. It is thesynonym of powerlessness, lack of representation and freedom (Gordon etal., 2000). Poverty can retard the overall growth of a society. It cannegatively affect the progress of the nation itself. Poverty is producedby circumstances, not individuals, (Fincher ; Wulff, 1998). Economiccrisis increases the so-called poverty sector, leading to joblessness andsocial unrest. A proper planning and a better utilization of the availableresources of the nation will lessen the poverty level to a great extent(Narayan ; Parker, 2000). Diverting the existingresourcetothedisadvantaged people is the need of the hour. Every nation needs a propergoverning authority to plan, accomplish and accelerate its growth. Inde veloping countries especially, governments and political parties lead theshow and try to bring progress to the society and stability to the economyby eliminating the curses like poverty. The ruling party and otherpolitical parties try to uplift the general status of the society and godeep into the problems and grievances of the people to a certain extent. We will write a custom essay on What role do competing political interests play in specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now Even though they do have opinion disputes and conflicts among them, theycontribute a lot for the progress of the society and nation (especiallyrural areas where poverty is still a problem) (Pantazis, Gordon ; Levitas,2006). Political interests and competitions play a major role in eliminatingpoverty from the nations. In the third world countriesespecially,political parties contribute a lot for the development works. Politicalparties try to perform well during their ruling tenure and take variousactions for the negatively privileged sections of the society. They try tolook into the agonies of the people of ill developed areas since such areashave the majority of the population in it. These less developed areas wouldbe eagerly looking forward for a government which can help them to improvetheir total grade. No political party can ever think of getting rule intheir hand without the votes of these majority weaker sections. So thesethickly populated less developed areas are very important as far aspolitical parties are concerned. They try to give alluring promises intheir election campaign so that they can drain the votes of these areas. Filling the manifesto with various poverty reductionpolicieswilldefinitely help the political parties to get the ballot in their favour. Poverty reduction will be the proclaimed motto of political parties of lessdeveloped countries. When they come into rule, these parties try toimplement their poverty reduction policies to a certain extent at least. Political parties are very well aware of the fact that unless they botherabout the poverty-stricken areas, nation will not see any progress ingeneral and also they will not get the following election in their favour. Increasing number of political parties has thus favoured the development ofnations in many ways. Progress of the nation is the declared motto ofpolitics though we should doubt how far it is true in the cases of certaincountries that have a corrupted political atmosphere. Interest groups play a major role in the flow of democracy, especially indeveloping countries. Numerous interest groups exist in countries wherethere are more issues and problems. A political interest group can be agroup, who tries to influence the government in order to get their interestabout the society done. These political parties, especially the mainopposition parties can fight to get their demands met by the government. Incertain cases opposition parties perform extremely well and they dorepresent the weaker sections. They can point out the flaws and weaknessesof the ruling party and can help them improve their rule. These competingpolitical forces are of different nature. They vary in their size,ideology, policy focus, influential capability, and mode of representation. .u82bafcab6b596b9e99ab1858ef8a3d0c , .u82bafcab6b596b9e99ab1858ef8a3d0c .postImageUrl , .u82bafcab6b596b9e99ab1858ef8a3d0c .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u82bafcab6b596b9e99ab1858ef8a3d0c , .u82bafcab6b596b9e99ab1858ef8a3d0c:hover , .u82bafcab6b596b9e99ab1858ef8a3d0c:visited , .u82bafcab6b596b9e99ab1858ef8a3d0c:active { border:0!important; } .u82bafcab6b596b9e99ab1858ef8a3d0c .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u82bafcab6b596b9e99ab1858ef8a3d0c { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u82bafcab6b596b9e99ab1858ef8a3d0c:active , .u82bafcab6b596b9e99ab1858ef8a3d0c:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u82bafcab6b596b9e99ab1858ef8a3d0c .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u82bafcab6b596b9e99ab1858ef8a3d0c .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u82bafcab6b596b9e99ab1858ef8a3d0c .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u82bafcab6b596b9e99ab1858ef8a3d0c .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u82bafcab6b596b9e99ab1858ef8a3d0c:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u82bafcab6b596b9e99ab1858ef8a3d0c .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u82bafcab6b596b9e99ab1858ef8a3d0c .u82bafcab6b596b9e99ab1858ef8a3d0c-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u82bafcab6b596b9e99ab1858ef8a3d0c:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Case Study Of High Strength Concrete Construction EssayFor example, some groups may focus on certain issues or geographical areasand some may be interested in certain special topics. Also there arecertain political groups who work on broader areas of public policy. Certain interest groups focus on government alone to get their demands donewhereas some groups try to influence non-governmental and other privateorganizations and associations to uphold their objectives. The politicalparty which is in power (the representative government) is supposed toencourage the interests of other competing groups also. They will considerthe oppositions opinion regarding major issues and will take decisionsaccordingly. The competing groups help to establishabalancebyintroducing arguments and resources to bear on various aspects of publicpolicy decisions. They will equip themselves with power and influence andhave a support from the public such that they can suppress any majority orminority group of vested interest who become strong enough to weaken therights of others. Political groups compete on the playing field created bythe constitutions (national as well as state) and laws. They develop theirown policies and rules based on the constitution and will represen t peoplefor the progress of the nation. In short, these multiple competing groupstry to create a stable political environment that allows the interests ofthe common people to be presented before the government. In Calhoun and John McGowan (1997), the author asks, Is politics reallynothing more than power relations, competing interests and claims forrecognition, conflicting assertions of simple truths?. But the politicalgroups of certain countries have proved that they do offer their best forthe development works of their nations. Political parties come out withvarious policies and plans that would eradicate poverty, according to theirclaims. They try to convince people that they are able to meet theirdemands and would repair their impoverished civic and private life. Eventhough it is true that ideology has waned and identity and interest basedpolitics have come to the scene, political parties still try to improve thepoverty-stricken state of the disadvantaged strata of the society. New newpolitical parties appear into the political scene daily and they also comeup with new promises so that people make their choice on their favour. These political parties are very well aware about the fact that unless theyimplement their poverty reduction policies, they will no longer get favourin the following election. In less developedcountriesespecially,political parties have started attending the worries of poverty-strickenareas. In another words, in certain poor nations, political groups competeamong themselves in providing best policies for people so that they gainthe favour of the poor majority who look forward for a better governmentthat can eradicate poverty from the society (Lustig, 2000). In other words,the competition between the political parties have become a boon for peoplewho expect nothing but a better government that can implement developmentalpolicies for the improvement of the unprivileged people. Poverty reduction is the most required development activity of third worldcountries, and the opportunity is beckoning the political parties toformulate their strategy in such a way that they have some edge over theircompetitor parties (McNair, 2003). Less developed nations that are undereconomic stagnation will only look for a government that can improve thestate of people and society. Proper functioning of democracy will imposesome responsibilities and obligations upon the ruling party as well. Poverty reduction thus became the first and foremost objective of politicalparties and their commitment has improved the state of people to a certainextent. Poverty reduction policies will be given chief priority in thebudgets also. Political parties during the election campaignsofferguarantee of food sufficiency and substantial buffer stock that can greatlyplease the people of poverty-stricken areas. Ruling party will be alwayscautious that they satisfy the needs of backward groups who have scarcityproblems, lest they may loose the support of people. Opposition to theruling parties always try to devalue the policies and budgets of the rulingparty and will try to convince people that poverty reduction strategy ofthe ruling party is a failure (Wildavsky, 1986). They will try to get thesupport of the group who were not much privileged and will lead the showagainst the ruling party. As a result, there will be dissatisfaction andfrustration among the people against the ruling party. In t his situation,the opposition party will take undue advantage of their rights to opposethe party in power and will start provoking the different sections of thesociety against the government. They will synthesize new policies that maycover more poverty reduction ideologies and will include them in theirmanifesto so that the majority will make their choice in their favour. Thisgame will improve the poverty affected state of vulnerable sections of thesociety since they get help from political parties. We can see certainprovincescompletelyfreefrompovertyanddeficiencyastherepresentatives of the states take great care of the province. They mayalways have strong opposition from different parties and therefore have toperform well during their tenure to reserve a seat in the followingelection. In some countries the ruling party will never get a secondconsecutive chance to come to power since there is strong opposition whooffer better development policies. The attitude of the political partie s ofa nation will be reflected in the rate of poverty and the amount of itseconomic growth. In developing countries there will be grave unemploymentproblem which can be a reason for the poverty and negative growth of theeconomy. In such countries, political parties will plan to create moreemploymentopportunities(througheducationalandtechnologicaladvancements) so that they can impress people. This competing mood ofpolitical partieswillcontributeingeneratingmoreemploymentopportunities which will ultimately wipe out poverty and frustration fromthe land (Keating Hertzman, 2000). Similarly diverting the resources ofthe nation to the needy people in the appropriate time will reduce thepoverty rate of the people. In nations where there is a decentralizedadministration, respective subordinategovernmentshavetoacquireresources from the central government to use in their provinces (e.g. .u20c07508ba9278d95168aaccb0c2d279 , .u20c07508ba9278d95168aaccb0c2d279 .postImageUrl , .u20c07508ba9278d95168aaccb0c2d279 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u20c07508ba9278d95168aaccb0c2d279 , .u20c07508ba9278d95168aaccb0c2d279:hover , .u20c07508ba9278d95168aaccb0c2d279:visited , .u20c07508ba9278d95168aaccb0c2d279:active { border:0!important; } .u20c07508ba9278d95168aaccb0c2d279 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u20c07508ba9278d95168aaccb0c2d279 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u20c07508ba9278d95168aaccb0c2d279:active , .u20c07508ba9278d95168aaccb0c2d279:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u20c07508ba9278d95168aaccb0c2d279 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u20c07508ba9278d95168aaccb0c2d279 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u20c07508ba9278d95168aaccb0c2d279 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u20c07508ba9278d95168aaccb0c2d279 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u20c07508ba9278d95168aaccb0c2d279:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u20c07508ba9278d95168aaccb0c2d279 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u20c07508ba9278d95168aaccb0c2d279 .u20c07508ba9278d95168aaccb0c2d279-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u20c07508ba9278d95168aaccb0c2d279:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Importance of Sportsmanship EssayIndia, where there are central and state governments). Political partiesplay a significant role in these cases where states that are governed bybetter group will be completely free from poverty and economic stagnation. ReferencesCalhoun, C., McGowan, J. (Eds). (1997) Hannah Arendt and the Meaning ofPolitics. Twin Cities: University of Minnesota Press. Fincher, R., Wulff, M. (1998). The locations of poverty and disadvantage. In Fincher, R., Nieuwenhuysen, J. (Eds), Australian Poverty:Then and Now. Melbourne: Melbourne University Press. Gordon, D., Adelman, L., Ashworth, K., Bradshaw, J.,Levitas,R.,Middleton, S., Pantazis, C., Patsios, D., Payne, S., Townsend,P., Williams, J. (2000). Poverty and Social Exclusion inBritain, York: Joseph Rowntree Foundation. Gordon, D., Nandy, S., Pantazis, C., Pemberton, S., Townsend, P. (2003). Child Poverty in the Developing World, Bristol: The PolicyPress. Keating, D.P., Hertzman, C. (Eds) (2000). Developmental Health and theWealth of Nations: Social, Biological, and EducationalDynamics. New York, NY: Guilford Press. Lustig, N. (2000) Shielding the Poor: Social Protection in theDeveloping World. Washington, DC: Brookings Institution Press. McNair, B., Cling, J-P., Roubaud, F., Razafindrakoto, M. (2003) NewInternational Poverty Reduction Strategies, London: Routledge. Narayan, D., Parker, M.W. (Eds) (2000) Voices of the Poor. World BankPublications. Pantazis, C., Gordon, D., Levitas, R. (Eds) (2006). Poverty and SocialExclusion in Britain: The Millennium Survey, Bristol: PolicyPress. Wildavsky, A. (1986) Budgeting: Comparative Theory, Piscataway, NJ:Transaction Publishers. .

Interesting and Strange Astronomy Facts

Interesting and Strange Astronomy Facts Even though people have studied the heavens for thousands of years, we still know relatively little about the  universe. While astronomers continue to explore, they learn more about the stars, planets, and galaxies in some detail and yet some phenomena remain puzzling. Whether or not scientists will be able to solve the mysteries of the universe is a mystery itself, but the fascinating study of space and all its many anomalies will continue to inspire new ideas and give impetus to new discoveries as long as humans continue to look up at the skies and wonder, Whats out there? Dark Matter in the Universe   Astronomers are always on the hunt for dark matter, a mysterious form of matter that cant be detected by normal means- hence its name. All of the universal matter that can be detected by current methods comprises only about 5 percent of the total matter in the universe. Dark matter makes up the rest, along with something known as dark energy. When people look at the night sky, no matter how many stars they see (and galaxies, if theyre using a telescope), theyre only witnessing a tiny fraction of whats actually out there. While astronomers sometimes use the term vacuum of space, the space that light travels through isnt completely empty. There are actually a few atoms of matter in each cubic meter of space. The space between galaxies, which was once thought to be quite empty, is often filled with molecules of gas and dust. Dense Objects in the Cosmos People also used to think that black holes were the answer to the dark matter conundrum. (That is, it was believed that the unaccounted for matter might be in black holes.) While the idea turns out not to be true, black holes  continue to fascinate astronomers, with good reason. Black holes are so  dense and have such intense gravity, that nothing- not even light- can escape them.  For example, should an intergalactic ship somehow get too close to a black hole and be sucked in by its gravitational pull face first,  the force on the front of the ship would be so much stronger than the force at the back, that the ship and the people inside would get stretched out- or elasticized like taffy- by the intensity of the gravitational pull. The result? No one gets out alive. Did you know that black holes can and do collide? When this phenomenon occurs between supermassive black holes,  gravitational waves  are released. Though the existence of these waves was speculated to  exist, they werent actually detected until 2015. Since then, astronomers have detected gravitational waves from several titanic black hole collisions.   Neutron  stars- the leftovers of the deaths of massive stars in supernova explosions- arent the same thing as black holes, but they also collide with one another. These stars are so dense that a glass full of neutron star material would have more mass than the Moon. As gargantuan as they are, neutron stars are among the fastest spinning objects in the universe. Astronomers studying them have clocked them at spin rates of up to 500 times per second. Whats a Star and What Isnt? Humans have a funny propensity to call any bright object in the sky a star- even when its not. A star is a sphere of superheated gas that gives off light and heat, and usually has some sort of fusion going on inside it. This means that shooting stars arent really stars. (More often than not, theyre just tiny dust particles falling through our atmosphere that vaporize due to the heat of friction with the atmospheric gases.) What else is not a star? A planet is not a star. Thats because- for starters- unlike stars, planets dont fuse atoms in their interiors and theyre much smaller than your average star, and while comets may be bright in appearance, theyre not stars, either. As comets travel around the Sun, they leave behind dust trails. When Earth passes through  a cometary  orbit and encounters those trails,  we see an increase in meteors (also not stars) as the particles move through our atmosphere and are burned up. Our Solar System Our own star, the Sun, is a force to be reckoned with. Deep inside the Suns core, hydrogen is fused to create helium. During that process, the core releases the equivalent of 100 billion nuclear bombs  every second. All that energy works its way out through the Suns various layers, taking thousands of years to make the trip. The Suns energy, emitted as heat and light, powers the solar system. Other stars go through this same process during their lives, which makes stars the powerhouses of the cosmos.   The Sun may be the star of our show but the solar system in which we live is full of weird and wonderful features as well.  For instance, even though Mercury is the closest planet to the Sun, temperatures can drop to a frigid -280 ° F on the planets surface. How? Since Mercury has almost no atmosphere, theres nothing to trap heat near the surface. As a result, the dark side of the planet- the one facing away from the Sun- gets extremely cold. While its farther away from the Sun, Venus is considerably hotter than Mercury due to the thickness of Venus’ atmosphere, which traps heat near the surface of the planet. Venus also spins very slowly on its axis. One day on Venus is equivalent to 243 Earth days, however, Venuss year is only 224.7 days. Odder still, Venus spins  backward  on its axis as compared to the other planets in the solar system. Galaxies, Interstellar Space, and Light The universe is more than 13.7 billion years old and it is home to billions of galaxies. No one is quite sure exactly how many galaxies there are all told, but some of the facts we do know are pretty impressive. How do we know what we know about galaxies? Astronomers study the light objects emit for clues as to their origins, evolution, and age. Light from distant stars and galaxies takes so long to reach Earth that were actually seeing these objects as they appeared in the past. When we look up at the night sky, were in effect, looking back in time. The farther away something is, the farther back in time it appears. For instance, the Suns light takes almost 8.5 minutes to travel to Earth, so we see the Sun as it appeared 8.5 minutes ago. The nearest star to us, Proxima Centauri, is 4.2 light-years away, so it appears to our eyes as it was 4.2 years ago. The nearest galaxy is 2.5 million light-years away and looks the way it did when our Australopithecus hominid ancestors walked the planet. Over the course of time, some older galaxies have been cannibalized by younger ones. For example, the Whirlpool galaxy (also known as Messier 51 or M51)- a two-armed spiral that lies between 25 million and 37 million light-years away from the  Milky Way that can be observed with an amateur telescope- appears to have been through one galaxy merger/cannibalization in its past.   The universe is brimming with galaxies, and the most distant ones are moving away from us at more than 90 percent of the speed of light. One of the strangest ideas of all- and one thats likely to come true- is the expanding universe theory, which hypothesizes that the universe will continue to expand and as it does, galaxies will grow farther apart until their star-forming regions eventually run out. Billions of years from now, the universe will be made up of old, red galaxies (those at the end of their evolution), so far apart that their stars will be almost impossible to detect.

Commentary Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Commentary - Article Example Whether Potus would be victorious following the allegations of corruption and dictatorship in his previous government was the greatest question. Sara Wise laments on low voter turnout. Wise creates the sense by illustrating American presidential elections and the significant variations in voter turnout. According to Wise, the greatest challenge would be potential of high voter illiteracy. Based on previous statistics, it is evident that most American presidents ascended to office by a representation of few voters. Most registered ensuring voter education. Martha Gans, in her evaluation of Detroit city, finds out that the bankruptcy rate is high, and the city is in the verge of becoming a wasted state. She says that that the leadership of republicans aims at ensuring that the city falls. The city that was once rich turned to borrowing and outsourcing employees leaving that rendered locals jobless. The only appeal from her is to president to bail the city out through federal government (Gans 34). Drug cartels operations are the greatest challenge to nations bordering Mexico. Montserrat asserts that the problems of drug abuse in America can only be addressed by passing stringent regulations. The drug menace can only offer short-term solutions since Mexico drug barons may still look for ways of smuggling drugs into the nation. The two affected states must set uniform laws to address drug